Pictures courtesy of Dr Tamara Corte, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital 2015
Image courtesy of radiopedia.org showing cylindrical bronchiectasis. One can clearly appreciate the tram-track sign which is synonymous for peribronchial thickening. 

CT findings include increased bronchoarterial ratio, bronchial wall thickening, mucoid impaction, air trapping and mosaic attenuation, signet ring sign
Images above courtesy of radiopedia.org. These two chest X-rays show obvious features of emphysema. Emphysema manifests as lung hyperinflation with flattened hemidiaphragms, a small heart, and possible bullous changes.  On the lateral radiograph, a "barrel chest" with widened anterior-posterior diameter may be visualised with a enlarged hyperlucent retrosternal space. 

Chest X-ray Comments

  • Assess adequacy
    • ?Full inspiratory film – want to see 6 anterior rib ends, 
      • If expiratory film: diaphragms elevated; basal atelectasis; crowding of vascular structures at hilar which can lead to overcalling pulmonary venous congestion; apparent cardiomegaly
    • Rotation: clavicles equidistant from the midline
  • Note on lateral Xray, lungs should become more hyper-lucent as you move down the lung field

Collapse
  • Collapse  = volume loss
    • Look for secondary signs such as mediastinal shift, elevation of hemidiaphragm, hyper-inflated and hyperlucent remaining lobe
  • Consolidation = filling up of air spaces with mucous, pus, water, blood
    • Look for maintenance of lung/lobar volume, air bronchograms
  • Right upper lobe collapse
    • Minor fissures moves upwards
    • Collapses upwards and forwards
  • Right lower lobe collapse
    • Looking for obscuration of the hemi-diaphragm
    • Collapse down and towards the mediastinum
    • Abnormal diaphragmatic contour
  • Left upper lobe collapse
    • As no minor fissure, the major fissure moves forward in the chest
    • Results in a hazy opacity (aerated lung behind it)
    • Abnormal hilum
    • Loss of AP window
    • Veil like opacity over the left hemithorax – represents collapse upper lobe that has collapsed forward and hyperinflated lower lobe -> implies degree of chronicity
  • Left lower lobe collapse
    • Looking for obscuration of the hemidiaphragm
    • Tracheal deviation to the left
    • Diaphragmatic contour can not be differentiated